In 2016 the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education published a landmark study, What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Almost 10,000 students aged 11 to 18 participated in the research. It was the largest of its kind anywhere in the world. The study indicated that the vast majority of young people found the subject interesting and relevant. However, it also revealed that many students did not have clear knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust. Written in direct response to the findings of the 2016 national study, this textbook significantly improves understanding of the Holocaust by: > Providing you with an appropriate historical overview of key aspects of the Holocaust > Helping you to understand the long-standing hatred of Jews (i.e., the roots of antisemitism) > Deepening your knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust > Encouraging you to challenge common myths and misconceptions (e.g., that Hitler was solely responsible for the Holocaust) > Developing your understanding of key historical concepts (e.g., evidence, interpretation, causation, significance) > Enabling you to answer the big historical question: How and why did the Holocaust happen? > Helping you to appreciate the impact of the Holocaust on ordinary people across Europe > Inviting you to consider the importance of the Holocaust and its significance today This textbook is supported by additional materials and teacher guidance notes on the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education website (holocausteducation.org.uk). The original design, development and distribution of this textbook was funded by the Toni Schiff Memorial Fund and the Pears Foundation. The Centre is enormously grateful for their support. The Wiener Holocaust Library also provided considerable assistance in developing the textbook.

In 2016 the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education published a landmark study, What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Almost 10,000 students aged 11 to 18 participated in the research. It was the largest of its kind anywhere in the world. The study indicated that the vast majority of young people found the subject interesting and relevant. However, it also revealed that many students did not have clear knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust. Written in direct response to the findings of the 2016 national study, this textbook significantly improves understanding of the Holocaust by: > Providing you with an appropriate historical overview of key aspects of the Holocaust > Helping you to understand the long-standing hatred of Jews (i.e., the roots of antisemitism) > Deepening your knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust > Encouraging you to challenge common myths and misconceptions (e.g., that Hitler was solely responsible for the Holocaust) > Developing your understanding of key historical concepts (e.g., evidence, interpretation, causation, significance) > Enabling you to answer the big historical question: How and why did the Holocaust happen? > Helping you to appreciate the impact of the Holocaust on ordinary people across Europe > Inviting you to consider the importance of the Holocaust and its significance today This textbook is supported by additional materials and teacher guidance notes on the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education website (holocausteducation.org.uk). The original design, development and distribution of this textbook was funded by the Toni Schiff Memorial Fund and the Pears Foundation. The Centre is enormously grateful for their support. The Wiener Holocaust Library also provided considerable assistance in developing the textbook. Please note: This is a Welsh-language edition

The history of the use of ultrasound in medicine has been one of evolution of technology and innovative methods of applying this technology to imaging body structures. Many scientists and clinicians have contributed to this evolution. Ophthalmic ultrasound has become an indispensible tool in ophthalmic practice, with its own instrumentation and techniques. Ultrasound frequencies used in ophthalmology have generally been higher than those used in general medicine because of a requirement for higher resolution and a lesser need for deep penetration. Most ophthalmic diagnostic equipment uses frequencies in the 10 MHz range. The use of ultrasound frequencies in the 50-100 MHz range is a relatively new development in ultrasound imaging of the eye. This technique has been developed in our laboratories over the past several years. We have progressed from the theoretical description of the basic science required, past the first in-vitro experiments in eye bank eyes, to the construction of an instrument capable of clinical application. We have gained broad clinical experience with this instrument in normal patients and patients with ocular disease. A commercial instrument based on our original clinical scanner has recently become available, allowing other clinicians to apply this tool to ophthalmic research and clinical practice. We have applied the term ultrasound biomicroscopy to this new imaging technique because of similarities to optical biomicroscopy, i. e. , the observation of living tissue at microscopic resolution.

Debates about the identity of school history and about the nature and purpose of the learning that does, can and should take place in history classrooms continue in many countries around the world. At issue, in many of these debates, beyond the concerns about history and national identity, are often unaddressed questions about the role and inter-relationship of historical knowledge and historical understanding in historical learning. Research on historical thinking is on-going and a complex tradition of enquiry has developed across national borders in the last 30 years, focusing, in particular on developing students understanding of historical meta-concepts such as `evidence' and `causation'. There has been comparatively little focus, however, on the historical content that students study, on how they study it and on how mastery of historical content contributes to students overall picture of a historical past. This volume gathers together recent research and theorising from around the world on key issues central to historical learning and instruction. What sense do students make of the history that they are taught? Are students able to organise historical knowledge in order to form large scale representations of the past and what difficulties can children face in doing so? What are the relationships that obtain between history as an academic discipline, as practised in universities, and history as a subject taught in schools? What can research tell us about the effects of instructional strategies that aim to help students `join up' what they learn in class into meaningful historical knowledge and understanding?

Debates about the identity of school history and about the nature and purpose of the learning that does, can and should take place in history classrooms continue in many countries around the world. At issue, in many of these debates, beyond the concerns about history and national identity, are often unaddressed questions about the role and inter-relationship of historical knowledge and historical understanding in historical learning. Research on historical thinking is on-going and a complex tradition of enquiry has developed across national borders in the last 30 years, focusing, in particular on developing students understanding of historical meta-concepts such as `evidence' and `causation'. There has been comparatively little focus, however, on the historical content that students study, on how they study it and on how mastery of historical content contributes to students overall picture of a historical past. This volume gathers together recent research and theorising from around the world on key issues central to historical learning and instruction. What sense do students make of the history that they are taught? Are students able to organise historical knowledge in order to form large scale representations of the past and what difficulties can children face in doing so? What are the relationships that obtain between history as an academic discipline, as practised in universities, and history as a subject taught in schools? What can research tell us about the effects of instructional strategies that aim to help students `join up' what they learn in class into meaningful historical knowledge and understanding?